Other Diseases
Insights on causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention
Stroke
Causes: Blood vessel blockage (ischemic) or rupture (hemorrhagic).
Symptoms: Face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulty, sudden confusion, severe headache.
Treatment: Clot‑busting drugs, thrombectomy, BP control, rehab therapies.
Prevention: Control BP, treat atrial fibrillation, stop smoking, manage cholesterol.
Ischemic Heart Disease
Causes: Plaque buildup in coronary arteries, smoking, high LDL, inactivity, obesity, family history.
Symptoms: Chest pressure, shortness of breath, arm/jaw pain, nausea, fatigue.
Treatment: Statins, antiplatelets, beta‑blockers, angioplasty, bypass surgery, lifestyle changes.
Prevention: Mediterranean‑style diet, exercise, no tobacco, cholesterol/BP screening.
Lung Cancer
Causes: Smoking, secondhand smoke, radon, asbestos, pollution.
Symptoms: Persistent cough, coughing blood, weight loss, chest pain.
Treatment: Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy.
Prevention: No smoking, radon testing, occupational safety, screening for high‑risk groups.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Causes: Viruses, bacteria (pneumococcus), poor ventilation, low immunity.
Symptoms: Cough, fever, chest pain, rapid breathing, fatigue.
Treatment: Antibiotics (when bacterial), oxygen, fluids, fever control.
Prevention: Vaccines (flu, pneumococcal, pertussis), clean air, good nutrition.
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Causes: Diabetes, hypertension, infections, genetic disorders, nephrotoxic drugs.
Symptoms: Often silent early; later swelling, fatigue, nausea, urination changes.
Treatment: BP control, ACE inhibitors, dialysis, transplant.
Prevention: Kidney function screening, low‑salt diet, avoid unnecessary NSAIDs.
Alzheimer’s Disease & Other Dementias
Causes: Neurodegeneration, age, genetics, vascular risk factors.
Symptoms: Memory loss, confusion, personality changes, difficulty with daily tasks.
Treatment: Cognitive therapies, symptom‑targeted medications, caregiver support.
Prevention: Physical activity, mental stimulation, social engagement, vascular health.
HIV/AIDS
Causes: HIV transmission via blood, sexual contact, or mother‑to‑child.
Symptoms: Early flu‑like illness, long asymptomatic period, then opportunistic infections.
Treatment: Lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART).
Prevention: Condoms, PrEP, PEP, safe needles, routine testing.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causes: Mycobacterium tuberculosis spread through airborne droplets.
Symptoms: Persistent cough, night sweats, fever, weight loss, coughing blood.
Treatment: Multi‑drug therapy for 6+ months; specialized regimens for resistant TB.
Prevention: Early detection, BCG vaccine, improved ventilation, nutrition support.
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Diarrheal Diseases
Causes: Contaminated water/food, viruses, bacteria, parasites.
Symptoms: Loose stools, dehydration, vomiting, abdominal pain.
Treatment: ORS, zinc, IV fluids for severe cases, targeted antibiotics.
Prevention: Clean water, sanitation, handwashing, rotavirus/cholera vaccines.
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